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Membranes

"Membrane" is a discontinuous interval between two phases. The International Federation of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry defines the membrane as "a three-dimensional structure in which the size of one degree (such as the thickness direction) in three dimensions is much smaller than the other two degrees. Mass transfer can be carried out through multiple driving forces. This definition emphasizes the relative size and function of dimensions (mass transfer) based on the original definition and emphasizes the "three-dimensional" or "interval" of the membrane. Membrane separation is a method of separating, classifying, purifying and concentrating a two-component or multi-component fluid by using the membrane as the separation medium and the external energy or chemical potential as the driving force.

Applications:

According to the different applications of membrane materials, it can be divided into water treatment membrane, special separation membrane, gas separation membrane, biomedical membrane, battery membrane, etc. Among them, the water treatment membrane can be divided into microfiltration membrane, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane, reverse osmosis membrane and so on. Special separation membranes can be divided into ceramic membranes, ion exchange membranes, pervaporation membranes, etc. Gas separation membrane can be divided into gas-gas separation membrane, gas-solid separation membrane, volatile organic compound recovery membrane, etc.

Water treatment membrane: In terms of water treatment membrane materials, the reverse osmosis membrane materials used in the desalination process are mainly concentrated on polyamide reverse osmosis membrane materials. Some scientists have used the 3D printing technology based on reactive monomer electrospray to replace the traditional interfacial polymerization technology, and successfully achieved nanometer-level fine-tuning of the film thickness and surface roughness of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane materials. It has a higher NaCl rejection rate and a pure water penetration rate. In addition, before the interfacial polymerization reaction, the method of pre-complexing the complexing agent with the acid halide functional group can realize the regulation of the interfacial polymerization process, thereby developing a high-throughput, low energy consumption, moderate desalination high-performance polyamide reverse osmosis membrane products.

Figure 1. Polyamide reverse osmosis membrane.

Special separation membrane: In terms of special separation membrane materials, ceramic ultrafiltration membranes have achieved industrial production and are widely used in the process industry. For example, MFI molecular sieve pervaporation membrane has been used in alcohol-water separation on a large scale, and gradually applied to the separation of organic matter. A series of ceramic nanofiltration membrane products, such as TiO₂, ZrO₂, TiO₂/ZrO₂, and reduced graphene oxide, developed using improved sol-gel technology, have also been successfully used in high-efficiency desalination processes.

Figure 2. MFI molecular sieve pervaporation membrane.

Gas separation membranes: In terms of gas separation membrane materials, carbon dioxide separation membranes, hydrogen separation membranes, organic vapor recovery membranes, and gas-solid separation membranes have been industrialized, and began to be used for natural gas purification, hydrogen recovery, organic vapor recovery, gas dust removal field. In addition, there are high temperature mixed conductor oxygen permeable membranes for pure oxygen separation, fixed carrier membranes for carbon dioxide separation, palladium membranes and alloy membranes for high-temperature hydrogen separation and purification. For example, the new PTFE membrane material has been successfully used in boiler exhaust gas purification, waste incineration flue gas treatment, dye product recovery and other fields.

Figure 3. PTFE air filter membrane.

References:

M.A. Carreon, S. Li, J.L. Falconer, R.D. Noble. (2008)"Sapo-34 seeds and membranes prepared using multiple structures directing agents." Adv. Mater. 20(1):729-730.
Z. Lai, G. Bonilla, I. Diaz, J.G. Nery, K. Sujaoti, M.A. Amat, E. Kokkoli, O. Terasaki.(2003) "Microstructural optimization of a zeolite membrane for organic vapor separation." Science 300(1):456-460.

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