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Alternative Energy

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Alternative energy often refers to the energy to replace fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal, including wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, ocean energy, hydropower and other renewable energy. It also includes non-renewable energy such as nuclear energy. Among all kinds of alternative energy, biofuel, wind energy and solar energy have the fastest development speed in recent years with the best prospect, so they are the stars of alternative energy.

Figure 1. Commonly known alternative energy sources

Application:

Solar energy：Solar energy is the energy the earth receives from the sun. It is the most abundant form of renewable energy and the source of all fossil energy and many kinds of renewable energy. Solar power is generated by using a series of photovoltaic cells in which solar light is converted into electricity. In addition to generating electricity, solar energy is also used to heat water, cook food and so on. Solar power is absolutely clean and "free". Photochemical conversion is the process of converting chemical reactions into chemical energy due to the absorption of light radiation, which is a way of photochemical conversion that uses solar radiation energy to directly decompose water to produce hydrogen. It includes photosynthesis, photochemistry, photosensitivity and photolysis. Solar energy can also be used in the use of fuel, using the high-temperature energy provided by solar light, using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials, committed to the development and production of "solar" fuel. In addition, solar power generation can also be widely used in solar street lamps, solar insecticidal lamps, solar portable systems, solar mobile power supplies, solar energy application products, communication power supplies, solar lamps, solar buildings and other fields.
Biomass energy: Biomass energy is energy developed from a variety of wastes from human and animal activities, such as by-products and wastes of the wood industry, agricultural production, municipal solid waste, etc. Out of the many alternative sources of energy, this is the one which takes into account the utilization of waste material to develop energy thereby disposing them in a profitable and effective way. This is an environmentally friendly mode of energy production, in which biomass is recycled. Biomass will continue to be produced and decomposed as part of the natural biological cycle.

Biomass energy can be widely used in many fields, such as (1) liquid biofuel: liquid fuel made from biomass is called biofuel. Biofuels mainly include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biomethanol and so on. (2) Biogas power generation technology: with the continuous development of large-scale biogas digester construction and comprehensive utilization of biogas, biogas utilization technology appears during biogas combustion power generation. It uses the biogas produced by anaerobic fermentation treatment on the engine and is equipped with a comprehensive power generation device to generate electricity and heat. Biogas power generation is widely distributed and inexpensive distributed energy with the characteristics of high efficiency, energy-saving, safety and environmental protection. (3) Biogas fuel cell technology: fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy stored in fuels and oxidants into electricity directly. When the fuel cell is continuously supplied with fuel and oxidizer from the outside, it can generate electricity continuously. According to the difference of electrolyte, fuel cell is divided into alkaline fuel cell (AFC), proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), phosphate (PAFC), dissolved carbonate (MCFC) and solid oxide (SOFC). (4) primary battery and fat fuel speedboat, etc.

References:

Liu Min, Fang Rukang. (2009), "A dictionary of modern geographical sciences." Science Press Page 531.
T. Grube. (2017), "Seasonal storage and alternative carriers: A flexible hydrogen supply chain model." Appl. Energy 200(3),290-302.

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